Abjad R

JEJAK
MAHASISWA
..:: KAMUS BIOLOGI JEJAK MAHASISWA ::..
Dibuat
12/19/2011
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Glosarium ini diambil dari Buku Biologi Campbell | Jejak Mahasiswa


R plasmid
A bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics.
radial cleavage
A type of embryonic development in deuterostomes in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are either parallel or perpendicular to the polar axis, thereby aligning tiers of cells one above the other.
radial symmetry
Characterizing a body shaped like a pie or barrel, with many equal parts radiating outward like the spokes of a wheel; present in cnidarians and echinoderms.
radiata
Members of the radially symmetrical animal phyla, including cnidarians.
radicle
An embryonic root of a plant.
radioactive dating
A method of determining the age of fossils and rocks using half-lives of radioactive isotopes.
radioactive isotope
An isotope, an atomic form of a chemical element, that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy.
radiometric dating
A method paleontologists use for determining the ages of rocks and fossils on a scale of absolute time, based on the half-life of radioactive isotopes.
reactant
A starting material in a chemical reaction.
receptor potential
An initial response of a receptor cell to a stimulus, consisting of a change in voltage across the receptor membrane proportional to the stimulus strength. The intensity of the receptor potential determines the frequency of action potentials traveling to the nervous system.
receptor
On or in a cell, a specific protein molecule whose shape fits that of a specific molecular messenger, such as a hormone.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
(EN-doh-sy-TOH-sis) The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances.
recessive allele
In a heterozygote, the allele that is completely masked in the phenotype.
reciprocal altruism
(AL-troo-IZ-um) Altruistic behavior between unrelated individuals; believed to produce some benefit to the altruistic individual in the future when the current beneficiary reciprocates.
recognition concept of species
The idea that specific mating adaptations become fixed in a population and form the basis of species identification.
recombinant
An offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the parents.
redox reaction
(REE-doks) A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.
reducing agent
The electron donor in a redox reaction.
reduction
The gaining of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction.
reflex
An automatic reaction to a stimulus, mediated by the spinal cord or lower brain.
refractory period
(ree-FRAK-tor-ee) The short time immediately after an action potential in which the neuron cannot respond to another stimulus, owing to an increase in potassium permeability.
regulative development
A pattern of development, such as that of a mammal, in which the early blastomeres retain the potential to form the entire animal.
relative fitness
The contribution of one genotype to the next generation compared to that of alternative genotypes for the same locus.
releaser
A signal stimulus that functions as a communication signal between individuals of the same species.
releasing hormone
A hormone produced by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus of the vertebrate brain that stimulates or inhibits the secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary.
replication fork
A Y-shaped point on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing.
repressible enzyme
An enzyme whose synthesis is inhibited by a specific metabolite.
repressor
A protein that suppresses the transcription of a gene.
Reptilia
The vertebrate class of reptiles, represented by lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodilians.
resolving power
A measure of the clarity of an image; the minimum distance that two points can be separated and still be distinguished as two separate points.
resource partitioning
The division of environmental resources by coexisting species populations such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of all coexisting species populations.
resting potential
The membrane potential characteristic of a nonconducting, excitable cell, with the inside of the cell more negative than the outside.
restriction enzyme
A degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA (including that of certain phages) that is foreign to a bacterium.
restriction fragment length polymorphisms
(RFLPs) Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes); useful as genetic markers for making linkage maps.
restriction site
A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a "cut site" by a restriction enzyme.
retina
(REH-tin-uh) The innermost layer of the vertebrate eye, containing photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) and neurons; transmits images formed by the lens to the brain via the optic nerve.
retinal
The light-absorbing pigment in rods and cones of the vertebrate eye.
retrovirus
(REH-troh-VY-rus) An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses.
reverse transcriptase
(trans-KRIP-tase) An enzyme encoded by some RNA viruses that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
rhodopsin
A visual pigment consisting of retinal and opsin. When rhodopsin absorbs light, the retinal changes shape and dissociates from the opsin, after which it is converted back to its original form.
ribonucleic acid
(ry-boh-noo-KLAY-ik) A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.
ribose
The sugar component of RNA.
ribosomal RNA
(rRNA) The most abundant type of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the structure of ribosomes that coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to the series of mRNA codons.
ribosome
A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus, functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
ribozyme
An enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions during RNA splicing.
RNA polymerase
(pul-IM-ur-ase) An enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription.
RNA processing
Modification of RNA before it leaves the nucleus, a process unique to eukaryotes.
RNA splicing
The removal of noncoding portions of the RNA molecule after initial synthesis.
rod cell
One of two kinds of photoreceptors in the vertebrate retina; sensitive to black and white and enables night vision.
root cap
A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem.
root hair
A tiny projection growing just behind the root tips of plants, increasing surface area for the absorption of water and minerals.
root pressure
The upward push of water within the stele of vascular plants, caused by active pumping of minerals into the xylem by root cells.
rough ER
That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
r-selection
The concept that in certain (r-selected) populations, a high reproductive rate is the chief determinant of life history.
rubisco
Ribulose carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step (the addition of CO2 to RuBP, or ribulose bisphosphate) of the Calvin cycle.
ruminant
An animal, such as a cow or a sheep, with an elaborate, multicompartmentalized stomach specialized for an herbivorous diet.

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